Warren Buffett has written a very interesting and timely article in the New York Times today. For those unfamiliar with Warren Buffett, he is one of the world's greatest investors, having made his fortune in the stock market. He now runs the corporate conglomerate Berkshire Hathaway.
In the article, Buffett compares the current budget deficit to those of years gone by. As a percentage of GDP it's twice the previous non-wartime record. It gone up to 13% where the previous high was 6%.
He also points out that US net debt has risen from 41% to 56% of GDP and questions at what point the country's credit rating will be put at risk. Sooner or later other countries will perceive the United States as credit risk if debt levels keep rising.
Lastly Buffett discusses the risk of rising inflation as a result of all this. All of this debt must be financed and with the prospect of the Government printing more money, inflation may soon follow.
From an investor's point of view, it begs the question how do we protect our investments from inflation? I will write more about this in the future.
Click the following link to read Warren Buffett's op-ed piece entitled The Greenback Effect.
Central to the subject of personal finance is the concept of living within your means. In a nutshell, to live within your means is to spend less money than you earn. It's a basic concept which I'm sure most of us know and understand but for whatever reason we occasionally (or sometimes frequently) like to ignore it.
So many of the basic problems we all face with our money can be traced back to a failure to live within our means. High debt levels and minimal or non-existent savings are manifestations of the problem. And while you might be confident that you can make the repayments or borrow more money to cover any short-term cash flow problems, what if the unexpected happened.
In the current economic climate, the reality is that more people are losing their jobs. If you've managed to save some money and at least establish and emergency fund, you'll have a cash buffer if the worst happens. But if you've spent everything you ever earned (and then some) and suddenly you find yourself unemployed, would you be able to make ends meet?
Escalating credit card debt is a sure sign that you are living beyond your means. If the balance outstanding on your credit card is growing from month to month, it's probably time to take a step back and have a close look at your finances. How much money do you earn and how much do you spend? Be realistic about it. Remember if you're not saving any money and your debt levels are rising, there must be a shortfall somewhere.
Prepare a budget. Note down for a couple of months how much money you've spent and on what. You will probably be surprised. I know I am each time I go through that exercise.
Building wealth the old fashioned way requires you to establish a habit of saving. You'll be amazed at how quickly $50 or $100 put aside each week into a savings account will add up. Or alternatively, an extra $50 or $100 paid off the credit card will soon have it paid off and will free up the cash that was going in interest payments for use on other things.
Most of us go into debt at some point in our lives, either by choice or out of necessity. It might be a car loan to finance the purchase of your dream car. It could be the mortgage you need to buy a home for you and your family. It might even be the credit card debt you build up each month (and hopefully pay off within the interest-free period).
But I'm surprised at how many people I've met who have got their personal finances in a mess through the imprudent use of debt. So today, I'd like to put forward some ideas of how you can use your capacity to borrow for good rather than evil.
What Is Bad Debt?
In general, any money which you borrow to buy something which goes down in value could be considered bad debt. This might include so called lifestyle-type assets like expensive cars or consumption items like clothes and food. Money borrowed to finance a vacation would fit into this category as well.
Your credit card is quite often one of the main accomplices in racking up unhealthy debts. This is because credit cards are normally used to buy everyday items - food, clothes, going out to dinner and so on. Then when the balance on the card is not paid off at the end of the month the problem is compounded. At interest rates which often exceed 20%, this is a very costly exercise.
What About Good Debt?
Ideally, the only time you would borrow money would be to buy an asset which appreciates in value or produces income. The total return from the ownership of the asset would need to exceed your borrowing costs in order to advance your goal of building wealth.
An example might be investing in real estate. You would expect to receive some income from such an investment which would help service the interest payments. In addition you would hope to see some growth in the value of your investment as well.
Are you trying to get your personal finances organized? This article will help get you started.
Lots of people have good intentions when it comes to personal finance - they just don't know where to start. And it's not always easy. Everyone's situation is different - there's no one-size-fits-all solution. You may be in a situation where you have trouble making ends meet from week to week. Or you may have a decent income coming in each week but never seem to have any money left at the end of the pay period. There are even those among us who have managed to save a little money but are not sure what to do next.
Take Stock Of Your Personal Finances Now!
The first step you need to take is to work out where you are now. This is essentially establishing what you financial position is now. What are your assets and liabilities? How much income do you have each month? How much do you spend?
What Are Your Assets?
This can be a tricky question. How do you work out what an asset is? The simplest asset to identify is cash in the bank. Next will be any investments you have - stock market, real estate, retirement fund and so on. Then, if you own (or have a mortgage over) your own house you might like to include this next.
Now comes the gray area. Some personal finance books will tell you that lifestyle purchases like cars, boats, televisions and stereos are not assets. They argue that these "assets" wont appreciate in value and in many cases will have very little resale value. And in the worst case scenario, they may have high maintenance costs associated with them. I'm not going to say whether or not you should include these things in your list. I tend not to include them, but it's up to you. You should be going though this exercise (establishing your financial position) on a regular basis and the most important thing is to be consistent over time in what you record.
For each of the assets you've listed, assign a dollar value. For financial asset (like cash, mutual funds and stock market investments for example) this will be easy. For other things you may like to record the purchase price. In cases where the monetary value of the asset diminishes quickly over time, you might like to allocate a value based on how long you've had it and how long you think it will last. Better (and easier) still, just don't include it as an asset. Consider it as an expense - like a night out or a weekend away.
What Are Your Debts?
This should be a little easier than the assets - as most lenders will remind you frequently of how much money you owe them. Write them all down. Include any money owing on your mortgage, personal loans, car loans, credit card debt, student debt, store cards and so on. Now write the amounts next to them.
Do You Owe More Than You Own?
The next step is to add up all the values you allocated to all of your assets and write down the total. Now add up all of your debts and write down the total. Now the moment of truth - subtract your total debt figure from your total assets figure. What do you get? Is it a positive number or a negative number.
If you got a negative number, don't panic. At least we know where we stand. You should be happy that you now have a basic idea of your personal finances and how they stack up. Knowing how much net debt you have will give you something to focus on. Each month, you will want to try to reduce the deficit of assets to debt. You may not improve every single month, but overall you want to see a steady improvement over time.
If you subtracted your debt from you assets and got a positive number, well done. Don't become complacent, but you must be doing at least something right to be in that position. Either though hard work or maybe just good fortune you are ahead of the game - but by how much? Or maybe a better measure would be to look at the total interest you are paying on any debts you may have, then compare this to your income. You may have more assets than liabilities, but are you moving in the right direction?
In my next article I will be looking at what our next step should be. How does our income stack up against our expenditure? Please come back tomorrow to read the next article in the series on personal finance basics.
What is the definition of personal finance?
Personal finance is a remarkably broad subject. The simplest way to define personal finance might be to take a look at each of the topics which come under the personal finance umbrella.
Record Keeping.
One of the fundamentals of personal finance is record keeping. It provides the foundation for everything else to build on. Keeping records means keeping track of all of your financial transactions. This includes what you earn, what you spend, what and where your savings (if any) are, insurance, and the list goes on. Record keeping can be as simple or as complex as you like. Some people will be thrive on tracking every individual cent that gets earned, saved and spent on a daily basis. Others will find this way too much overhead and will instead record approximate figures on a weekly or even monthly basis. Most people will find a working solution somewhere between these two extremes.
However you decide to do it, the main thing is to keep at it. Record keeping will enable you to understand what your financial position is now and how you've progressed over time. It will also provide valuable input into the planning process.
Budgeting.
Budgeting could be considered the counterpart of record keeping. The two go arm in arm. Budgeting is the practice of estimating future income and expenditure. To create a budget you would normally offset your expenses against your income month by month for the next year (and beyond). That way you can see what the surplus or shortfall is each month. This can help with planning your investments or by identifying where your future cash flow problems might lie.
Financial Position.
Another key area of personal finance is your financial position. Knowing this is key. When used in conjunction with your record keeping and budgeting, your statement of financial position is a key tool in meeting your financial goals. In it's simplest form, it's a document which lists your assets and your liabilities and which will hopefully show a surplus on the asset side. Even if it doesn't show a surplus of assets, it will provide you with a starting point on your road to freedom from debt.
Credit and other forms of Personal Debt.
And speaking of debt, this is another broad topic within personal finance. Not many of us can go through life without resorting to some sort of debt. Whether it's a mortgage to fund the purchase of a house, a personal loan to buy the car of our dreams or credit card debt to be used for day to day living and the odd larger consumer purchase, most of us will be in debt at some time or other.
But there are different types of debt. Borrowing money to finance investments can be a powerful wealth generating tool. However payday loans and other forms of cash advance are normally to be avoided if at all possible.
Saving and Investing.
Saving money is something we should all aspire to. It could be saving enough money to put aside in an emergency fund to provide a financial buffer in unforeseen circumstances. Or it might be saving for the kids' education or maybe even an overseas trip. And saving ties in nicely with budgeting. Saving is what we can do what the money which our budget tells us should be left over each month.
Then once you've accumulated some savings, you may look at how to invest them. Investing is a complex area with many complex investment products available. You might buy shares, real estate or a mutual fund. You can even invest in non-financial asset like art or wine providing you know what you are doing. Investing is how you take your accumulated saving and put them to best use to grow your wealth over the long term.
Insurance.
What does insurance have to do with personal finance? Well, what's the point in doing all of that hard work to get your personal finances in order just to see some catastrophic event wipe it all out? That's why insurance is such an important part of personal finance. Whether it's your house, your car, your income, your health or even your life, you need to make sure you have enough insurance for the worst case scenario.
Tax.
Nobody likes paying tax, but with some careful planning and good advice, you can at least minimize the amount of tax you need to pay. I'm sure most people would agree that we pay more than enough tax already. And by organizing our personal finances better, we may be able to reduce our taxes freeing up more money to save and invest.
Retirement Planning.
For some people this is what it's all about. You need to make sure that nest egg has grown large enough to support you once you stop paid employment. By putting the right strategies in place earlier in life you can help ensure you have a comfortable retirement.
Mastering each of the above topics should put you well on the way to living large in retirement.
Estate Planning.
They say that death and taxes are the two certainties in life. While nobody likes to think about their own mortality, it's important to consider your estate. How should it be distributed? Do you have any special wishes? Is your will up to date? A little planning and forethought may at least remove some of the financial worries from this difficult time.
I think the topics above cover this broad subject area reasonably well. In future posts, I will refer back to this "What Is Personal Finance" post often as I drill down on each of these topics.
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